Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy with constant power output and a maximum of full load hours / capacity factors: Principle and conversion processes of geothermal energy use. Geological parameters. Costs for exploration, set-up and operation. Application and comparison of cycles and processes: Carnot, OCR, Flash, Double Flash, Binary, Kalina. Examples from Iceland and the US. Exercise at the end of the lecture.

All lectures:
1. Introduction to the Transition of the Energy System: https://youtu.be/u8gln8uTfys
2. Conventional power supply: https://youtu.be/Wd0W8zN0yEo
3. Solar Irradiance: Astronomical basics: Positioning of the sun during a year, Elevation and azimuth of the sun during a day and during the year from a terrestrial observer, Spectra of the sun for different “Air Masses” (AM): https://youtu.be/3IEyAoMJyA8
4. Solar Thermal Energy Systems: https://youtu.be/i-81RmsOJt8
5. PV – Basics: Principle of photovoltaic energy conversion. Characteristics of solar cells: I-V-curve, influence of irradiance level, spectrum of irradiance, spectral efficiency, MPP, Form Factor, influence of parasitic resistors, weak light effect, operation temperature, STC. https://youtu.be/PzAcKqqrKXw
6. PV Energy Systems: Installation, Mounting, Foundation, Substructures, Inverters, Conversion efficiency, Energy yield, Off-grid vs. On-grid systems, Configuration of PV systems, Wiring, Balance of System costs (BoS), Optimization of PV power plants. https://youtu.be/YZyLh7KsHJI Solutions to Exercise 6 – PV systems – plus homework.https://youtu.be/GST_1KFUscc
7. Wind Energy: Historical and actual development of wind power conversion.
Extractable power from the wind. Parameters of wind energy: Height, pressure, temperature, density. Weibull- and Rayleigh-distribution of wind velocity.
Theoretical conversion efficiency of wind power conversion, Betz efficiency. Types of wind power converters, tip speed ratio, cost, complementarity, software tool, literature.
7.1 Wind Energy: https://youtu.be/GhX9yTmENX0
7.2 Correlation of wind and solar power: https://youtu.be/yKVMXZ7bbrs
8. Hydro Power: Historical water wheels, type of turbines, run-of-river-plants, hydro storage power plants: https://youtu.be/FkOmeHho6wA
9. Geothermal Energy: Potential, Geology, Conversion Processes, Exploration, Costs https://youtu.be/KdpMWaf94qA
10. Biomass Energy: https://youtu.be/RHFXQsWjkt8
11. Energy Storage (part 1): https://youtu.be/SdL3Qhhj4Cw
12. Energy Storage (part 2): https://youtu.be/noV5HqwiVRI
13. Energy Storage (part 3): https://youtu.be/QxPFaOPvIU4
14. Optimization of a Wind-Storage-Transmission System https://youtu.be/eZILdBpYV5I
15. Flexibility of Demand & Supply, Demand Side Management (DSM) https://youtu.be/Hr9octo7b9w
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CBSE Class 10 Science – Sources of Energy – Understand how hot springs are formed and how can we use geothermal energy to produce the electricity. There are some advantages and disadvantages to this source of energy.

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Covering the topics of Geothermal Energy, Earth Energy, Sun Under Our Feet, Geothermal Energy Explained, and more!

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Despite being one of the cheapest and most reliable sources of renewable energy, there is no harnessing of heat from the ground outside of Iceland. In this video, we are going to learn what is Geothermal energy, its advantages, and disadvantages, what are those challenges that stop us from getting energy from Earth, and much more. So be sure to watch until the end.

What is geothermal energy?
Geothermal energy is heat in the earth. The word geothermal comes from the Greek words ‘geo’ which means earth and ‘therm’ means heat. Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source because heat is continuously produced in the earth. People use geothermal energy to bathe, heat buildings, and generate electricity.

How does it work?
Humans can harvest geothermal energy by:

-Geothermal power plants, using heat from within the earth to generate steam to generate electricity.
And,
-Geothermal heat pumps, using heat near the earth’s surface to heat water or heat buildings.
Geothermal power plant
In geothermal power plants, wells are drilled 1 or 2 miles into the earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface. You’ll likely find one of these power stations in an area with lots of hot springs, geysers, or volcanic activity, as these are places where the earth is extremely hot just beneath its surface.

Now, let’s break down its working step-by-step:
-Hot water is pumped from below through a high-pressure well.
-When the water reaches the surface, the pressure drops, causing the water to turn into steam.
-The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.
-The steam is cooled in the cooling tower and condensed back into the water.
-The cooled water is pumped back to earth to start the process again.

Not all geothermal energy comes from power plants. Geothermal heat pumps can do everything from heating and cooling homes to heating swimming pools. These systems transfer heat by pumping water or a refrigerant-a special type of liquid, through pipes just below the earth’s surface, where the temperature is constantly between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

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What are disadvantages of geothermal energy? Do they outweigh pros for geothermal energy? Should more people get geothermal energy at home? Learn more in this video!

Visit our channel Dynamic Earth Learning for other introductory sustainability and science videos!

📝 See Dynamic Earth Learning’s lesson plan for this video in our store:
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A short animation that explains what is geothermal energy and the process used to obtain this renewable energy resource. Part of a series of animated videos that helps explain the volcanism in the Easter Caribbean. The series was commissioned under The Volcano Ready Communities Project (VRCP) St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The project is funded by the Caribbean Development Bank through The Community Disaster Risk Reduction Fund and implemented by The UWI-SRC in collaboration with project partners NEMO St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Vincent and the Grenadines Red Cross Society, The Ministry of National Mobilisation Social development & Youth SVG & API – The Agency For Public Information : St. Vincent and the Grenadines. For more information on the VRCP can be found here: https://bit.ly/3kcnaSA
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Today, we’re talking about heat. The Earth is hot. And no, we’re not referring to Global Warming — at least, not this time. The Earth is hot on the inside. How hot could it actually be, you ask? The inner core of the Earth is almost 11,000°F which is as hot as the surface of the sun!

This heat provides Geothermal Energy: a constant supply of completely clean, sustainable energy!

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Humans have been using this energy source for thousands of years, for bathing and cooking. Then, in 1904 in Larderello, Italy, a plant was built to generate electricity from geothermal steam. Initially, this power was enough to light only 5 light bulbs. But today, this plant generates 545 megawatts of electricity. For perspective, a typical coal power plant provides about 600 megawatts.

Geothermal energy comes in either liquid or steam form, and sits within varying depths of the Earth’s layers. The 4 main layers of the Earth — the Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core — all provide different levels of heat within the rock also and magma. Even the very upper 10 feet of the Crust provides consistent heat, between about 50 to 60° Fahrenheit, which can be used via a geothermal heat pump to heat or cool buildings.

Did you know that 90% of the heating for buildings in Iceland is provided this way?
From only slighter deeper within the Earth, geothermal water can also be used for heating buildings or, as seen in Boise, Idaho, for melting snow from the sidewalks.
On a larger scale, there are three types of geothermal power plants: dry steam, flash, and binary. Dry steam literally takes the steam out of a fracture in the ground and uses it to drive a turbine.

Flash plants pull deep, high pressure hot water into pools of cool water, thereby making steam, which drives a turbine.

In binary plants, the hot water extracted is passed by another fluid which has a lower boiling point than water, thereby creating vapor which drives a turbine. Binary plants are likely to be the most common geothermal power plants of the future, as they require only a medium temperature field to begin with.

Then of course there’s raw magma…but the tech to capture this heat is a way off.

Hot dry rock is one of the best sources for geothermal energy, as it’s abundant and available widely across the globe. To use this, there must be two wells drilled to about 3-5 miles, and spaced about 2 miles apart. Cold water is injected under high pressure down one well, and then drawn up from the second well, as hot water. This technique is called an Enhanced Geothermal System.

But it’s hard to get access to the right rocks, and we can’t yet achieve water flow rates which would make this system commercially feasible for providing electricity.

Yet.

It’s a work in progress.

Proudly, the U.S. leads the world in the amount of electricity generated from geothermal energy production, with the most developed geothermal field being The Geysers in Northern California. But before we pat ourselves on the back too hard, this still only equated to 0.4% of the total U.S. electricity requirement for 2017. We’re in a position where we’ve been given this amazing resource, we just have to figure out how to use it. It won’t be fast or cheap, but geothermal energy is the absolute largest renewable, sustainable and clean energy source we have.

It sounds almost too good to be true… So, are there disadvantages?

Unfortunately, yes.

There are minor concerns around the release of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia, but it is far below the levels of greenhouse gases released through fossil fuel mining and energy production.

Also, the drilling needs to be done mindfully – given the location of accessing this heat, between tectonic plates, there is sometimes concern around increasing the risk of earthquakes. But most downsides are related to individual access and utilization of geothermal energy, rather than when it’s done on a commercial scale.

And these small downsides are put into perspective easily: geothermal plants use only 10% of the land requirement for a coal or wind power plant, and 0.2% of the freshwater requirement of nuclear, coal or oil. Another huge advantage geothermal energy has over other renewable sources is that it’s not dependent on the sun, like solar, wave, or hydro energy.

This makes it far more reliable.

So next time you’re taking a relaxing dip in a hot spring, think about how lucky we are to inhabit this Earth, and how amazing our natural resources are. Then plan one extra way of being more sustainable tomorrow than you were yesterday.
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In Iceland, geothermal power is being used for almost everything — from heating homes to supplying therapeutic spas year round. Scientists and engineers from around the world are participating in a course at the United Nations University (UNU) to learn how to use geothermal energy in their own countries from leading experts in Iceland.
UNIA Programme # 1365
Transcript: http://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/unia1365.pdf
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A small company in Saskatchewan is building what could become Canada’s first geothermal power plant, which could launch a green revolution for the energy industry and the people who work in it.

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Renewable energy provides almost all electricity in Iceland. But what is about Iceland’s unique geology that allows it to produce such cheap renewable energy?
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Science tells us there’s enough energy in the first 10 kilometres below our planet’s surface to provide all our energy needs for millions of years. The Romans tapped into it for their hot water spas. Today, we all know it as Geothermal Energy. There’s no carbon dioxide emissions and no air pollution with geothermal, and it’s literally right there beneath our feet. So why isn’t our entire planet powered by it?

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Research Links
Science Direct : Shyi-MinLu

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032117310341

Quakes, Fracking and Geothermal

http://theclimateexaminer.ca/2018/05/16/quakes-fracking-geothermal-opportunities-challenges/

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geovision
https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/how-enhanced-geothermal-system-works

Ground Source Heat Pump Association website

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International Energy Agency

https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/iea-predicts-geothermal-growth-of-3600-to-4500-mw-2018-2023/
https://www.iea.org/reports/geothermal#resources

International Renewable Energy Agency
https://www.irena.org/geothermal
http://www.globalgeothermalalliance.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/GGA/About/IRENA_GGA_Brochure_2020.pdf
http://www.globalgeothermalalliance.org/

Our World in Data
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/installed-geothermal-capacity?time=1990..latest&country=~USA

Yale Climate Connections

The pros and cons of enhanced geothermal energy systems

National Geographic
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/geothermal-energy/

Hellisheidi Geothermal Power Plant in Iceland
https://www.mannvit.com/projects/hellisheidi-geothermal-power-plant/

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Geothermal energy is exploited by mining thermal energy from the earth’s crust. It is one of the most promising alternatives to fossil fuels. Pursuing the use of geothermal energy could help satisfy some of the worldwide energy demand and reduce greenhouse gas emissions on a global level.
Having a long history of human usage, geothermal energy profits from existing, dependable technology and a naturally inherited ubiquity. These factors lead to moderate costs and enormous development potential.

This video was made by Borealis GeoPower Inc., which is a member of the Canadian Geothermal Energy Asssociation (CanGEA).

To learn more about geothermal energy, visit www.cangea.ca and www.borealisgeopower.com.

Is Geothermal Heating and Cooling Worth the Cost? Heat pumps Explained. Go to http://brilliant.org/Undecided to sign up for free. And also, the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership. When building a house, homeowners have several ways to power their heating and cooling systems, like oil, natural gas, or electricity. But there’s another option right below our feet. You can install geothermal heating and cooling in your home, but is it worth the cost? And how does it hold up?

▻ Watch Geothermal Energy Explained – A Not So Hot Solution? – https://youtu.be/-HhdR9YRGxI?list=PLnTSM-ORSgi5LVxHfWfQE6-Y_HnK-sgXS

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Geothermal energy refers to the production of energy using the internal heat of the Earth’s crust.
Learn more about geothermal and all types of energy at www.studentenergy.org
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Student Energy is currently developing the Global Youth Energy Outlook, a global youth-led report that will engage 50,000 young people around the world in 2021 to gather their perspectives on energy. Want to take part? If you’re between 18-30, head to www.bit.ly/gyeo to complete the survey! You can win 0 cash prizes in each region, or a fully funded trip to the next International Student Energy Summit!

Student Energy is a global youth-led organization empowering the next generation of leaders who are accelerating the transition to a sustainable, equitable energy future. We work with a network of 50,000 young people from over 120 countries to build the knowledge, skills, and networks they need to take action on energy. Learn more at www.studentenergy.org
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