China, the world’s biggest polluter, has committed to reach net zero emissions by 2060, an ambitious goal matched by enormous investments that are reshaping the nation’s energy system.

#China2030 #Asia #BloombergQuicktake

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#renewable #non-renewable #resources #ngscience
All about the Earth’s resources and how their use by people can impact the environment.

The Earth is full of natural resources. A natural resource is a part of the Earth that people use. It includes things like sunlight, wind, water, plants and animals and fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas.

Some natural resources are renewable. This means they are replaced or replenished by nature when they are used…so they wont run out. They can be used now and by future generations too. Sunlight, wind and water are examples of renewable natural resources.

Some of the natural resources people use are non-renewable. A non-renewable natural resource is a resource that is not able to be replenished by nature at the rate in which they are being used. Fossil fuels, like coal, oil and gas are non-renewable. Fossil fuels are formed when organic matter deep beneath the Earth’s surface are subject to heat and pressure over millions of years. The fuels can be burned to produce heat which is used by people in a number of ways. They are used in combustion engines to power cars, buses and other vehicles. They are also used to produce electricity.

Coal is a fossil fuel that is found beneath the surface of the Earth. To get coal, a mine needs to be constructed. This can cause large and widescale changes to the environment. Trees and plants are removed to make way for the mine and the network of roads needed to transport people and coal out of the area. A major impact of coal mining is habitat loss. This occurs when human changes to the environment result in there being insufficient resources for organisms to survive. Some animals may move to a new suitable habitat. Most organisms however, will die.

To get natural gas and petroleum, people must drill deep into the Earth’s surface. Sometimes chemicals are used to pump the fuels from the Earth. These chemicals can pollute the land. Land and water pollution can also occur when these fossil fuels spill into the natural environment.

The burning of fossil fuels has another impact on the Earth – air pollution. The emissions released into the air when fossil fuels are burned are harmful to organisms, including people. The emissions also include greenhouse gases that trap solar radiation in the atmosphere and increase the rate at which the Earth is warming – a process called human-induced climate change. Scientists have discovered solid evidence that the burning of fossil fuels by people is causing the Earth to get warmer at a much faster rate than it normally would. This is caused the water level in our oceans to rise, the melting of the Earth’s polar ice caps and causing changes to many of Earth’s habitat making them unsuitable for the organisms that depend on them.
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Offshore wind farms solve one of renewable energy’s biggest problems: unreliability. With wind almost always blowing on sea, there is no lack of power. But the technology is struggling with a bunch of other hurdles.

We’re destroying our environment at an alarming rate. But it doesn’t need to be this way. Our new channel Planet A explores the shift towards an eco-friendly world — and challenges our ideas about what dealing with climate change means. We look at the big and the small: What we can do and how the system needs to change. Every Friday we’ll take a truly global look at how to get us out of this mess.

#PlanetA #Offshore #Energy

Study: Levelized cost of renewable energy technologies: https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/publications/studies/cost-of-electricity.html

Environmental impacts of offshore wind farms in the belgian north sea: https://odnature.naturalsciences.be/downloads/mumm/windfarms/winmon_report_2020_final.pdf

Offshore wind farms in Germany:
http://www.offshore-stiftung.de/status-quo-offshore-windenergie, https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/german-onshore-wind-power-output-business-and-perspectives

Global offshore wind capacity statistics:

China installed half of new global offshore wind capacity during 2020 in record year

Different offshore wind farm concepts:
https://acee.princeton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/AndlingerDistillate_Article7.pdf

0:00 Intro
0:43 Advantages offshore wind energy
3:54 The grid problem
5:28 Expensive offshore wind
7:38 The space problem
9:03 Environmental concerns
12:18 Floating Windfarms
13:01 Conclusion

Report: Kai Steinecke (IG: https://www.instagram.com/supersteinii/)
Kamera: Henning Goll
Video Editor: David Jacobi
Supervising Editor: Joanna Gottschalk
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Wind power is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy technologies. Usage is on the rise worldwide, in part because costs are falling. Global installed wind-generation capacity onshore and offshore has increased by a factor of almost 75 in the past two decades, jumping from 7.5 gigawatts (GW) in 1997 to some 564 GW by 2018, according to IRENA’s latest data. Production of wind electricity doubled between 2009 and 2013, and in 2016 wind energy accounted for 16% of the electricity generated by renewables. Many parts of the world have strong wind speeds, but the best locations for generating wind power are sometimes remote ones. Offshore wind power offers tremendous potential.

Wind turbines first emerged more than a century ago. Following the invention of the electric generator in the 1830s, engineers started attempting to harness wind energy to produce electricity. Wind power generation took place in the United Kingdom and the United States in 1887 and 1888, but modern wind power is considered to have been first developed in Denmark, where horizontal-axis wind turbines were built in 1891 and a 22.8-metre wind turbine began operation in 1897.

Wind is used to produce electricity using the kinetic energy created by air in motion. This is transformed into electrical energy using wind turbines or wind energy conversion systems. Wind first hits a turbine’s blades, causing them to rotate and turn the turbine connected to them. That changes the kinetic energy to rotational energy, by moving a shaft which is connected to a generator, and thereby producing electrical energy through electromagnetism.

The amount of power that can be harvested from wind depends on the size of the turbine and the length of its blades. The output is proportional to the dimensions of the rotor and to the cube of the wind speed. Theoretically, when wind speed doubles, wind power potential increases by a factor of eight.

Wind-turbine capacity has increased over time. In 1985, typical turbines had a rated capacity of 0.05 megawatts (MW) and a rotor diameter of 15 metres. Today’s new wind power projects have turbine capacities of about 2 MW onshore and 3–5 MW offshore.

Commercially available wind turbines have reached 8 MW capacity, with rotor diameters of up to 164 metres. The average capacity of wind turbines increased from 1.6 MW in 2009 to 2 MW in 2014.

Full Documentary

The ocean’s waves are immensely powerful. Harnessing that energy for grid-scale electricity production would be a major boon to the clean energy industry, but building durable, powerful, and cost-effective wave energy converters has proven difficult. Now though, an influx of federal funding is helping many U.S. companies gear up to test their latest wave energy technologies, giving many in the industry hope that wave power will see massive growth over the next few decades.

Chapters:
1:46 The challenges
4:05 Wave energy in the U.S.
4:49 (Subchapter) CalWave
6:05 (Subchapter) Oscilla Power
7:34 (Subchapter) C-Power
9:00 Wave energy in Europe
11:51 The future

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How Waves Could Power A Clean Energy Future
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Can Underwater Turbines Work? Tidal Power Explained. Try Audible for free for 30 days. Visit https://audible.com/undecided or text undecided to 500 500. With tidal power we don’t have to rely on building massive dams and waterways that disrupt the environment in order to capture that power. Even though visions of underwater bladed turbines might pop into your head, there’s some other technology that may surprise you … like an undulating membrane that produces electricity … or perhaps an underwater kite.

Watch “Is Geothermal Heating and Cooling Worth the Cost? Heat Pumps Explained” https://youtu.be/PI45yUhUWgk?list=PLnTSM-ORSgi5LVxHfWfQE6-Y_HnK-sgXS

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The solar photovoltaic (PV) industry continues to grow, despite intense international competition and recent margin compression.

Can innovation in technology and manufacturing allow American companies to compete and ultimately thrive in this huge but challenging market?

Professor Buonassisi will address these questions as he explores the outlook for American PV cell and module suppliers. He will begin by using an industry-validated bottoms-up cost model to compare the cost-reduction potentials of various innovative PV technologies, and how their successful development could influence manufacturing location decisions. He will also describe recent progress toward these innovative technologies, highlighting the new computational and experimental tools that have accelerated the cycle of discovery and product development — providing “sneak peeks” at the technologies that may grace rooftops in years to come. He will conclude by showcasing recent success stories of U.S. innovation.

Join us as Professor Buonassisi explains how technology innovation will open up pathways for success in the U.S. solar PV industry.

Tonio Buonassisi, MIT Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, heads an interdisciplinary research laboratory focused on photovoltaics (PV). He completed his Ph.D. in Applied Science & Technology at UC Berkeley, with additional research at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems and the Max-Planck-Institute for Microstructure Physics. He is author of over a hundred journal papers, and co-developer of a dedicated course on photovoltaics.

Prof. Buonassisi invents, develops, and applies defect-engineering techniques over the entire solar cell process, from crystal growth to modules, improving the cost effectiveness of commercial and next-generation solar cells. Several of his PV innovations have been implemented in industry, including key contributions leading to the founding of solar start-ups and a research institute.

The solar photovoltaic (PV) industry continues to grow, despite intense international competition and recent margin compression.

Can innovation in technology and manufacturing allow American companies to compete and ultimately thrive in this huge but challenging market?

Professor Buonassisi will address these questions as he explores the outlook for American PV cell and module suppliers. He will begin by using an industry-validated bottoms-up cost model to compare the cost-reduction potentials of various innovative PV technologies, and how their successful development could influence manufacturing location decisions. He will also describe recent progress toward these innovative technologies, highlighting the new computational and experimental tools that have accelerated the cycle of discovery and product development — providing “sneak peeks” at the technologies that may grace rooftops in years to come. He will conclude by showcasing recent success stories of U.S. innovation.

Join us as Professor Buonassisi explains how technology innovation will open up pathways for success in the U.S. solar PV industry.

Tonio Buonassisi, MIT Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, heads an interdisciplinary research laboratory focused on photovoltaics (PV). He completed his Ph.D. in Applied Science & Technology at UC Berkeley, with additional research at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems and the Max-Planck-Institute for Microstructure Physics. He is author of over a hundred journal papers, and co-developer of a dedicated course on photovoltaics.

Prof. Buonassisi invents, develops, and applies defect-engineering techniques over the entire solar cell process, from crystal growth to modules, improving the cost effectiveness of commercial and next-generation solar cells. Several of his PV innovations have been implemented in industry, including key contributions leading to the founding of solar start-ups and a research institute.
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In this video, we are going to look at Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Hybrid collector or in short PVT. Its a combination of solar thermal collectors and PV cell.
The removal of heat from PV cells is also improved and the overall output increases to 85%. The added output is in the form of heat.

Given that over 50% of the energy we consume is in the form of heat, this is a valuable device.

Hydropower is the world’s largest source of renewable energy, yet we don’t hear much about it. That’s in part because hydropower generation in the U.S. has remained relatively steady for decades. But internationally, it’s been growing rapidly, especially in China. That growth has some environmentalists concerned, as dams and reservoirs disrupt the surrounding ecosystems and can create C02 and methane emissions. Plus, hydropower generation is threatened as climate-driven droughts become increasingly common. Yet many experts say that hydropower is absolutely vital for a fossil fuel-free world and so learning how to mitigate these challenges will be critical in the decades to come.

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#CNBC

What Is The Future Of Hydropower?

The Future of Energy – Episode 2: Offshore Wind Power

***Music***
First Light by Dotlights – Copyright Chillhop Music – https://chll.to/f65afbc5
Swimming by Sleepy Fish – Copyright Chillhop Music – https://chll.to/d983758d

*****************************************************************************

The global annual potential of onshore and offshore wind power is around 840,000 TWh, that’s almost 40 times that world’s annual power consumption!

The Global Wind Power capacity has more than doubled since 2012 from around 280 GW to over 650 GW today.

650 GW power capacity generates enough electricity to power the US and India combined.

Along with the growth in capacity, the wind turbines themselves have grown over the years.

The diameter of commercial turbine rotors was around 17m in the 1980s and generated around .07 MW.

Today, the average rotor is over 116m and generates over 2.4 MW.

The giant turbines used today are made possible by the advancement of material science, allowing the giant blades and shafts to withstand a tremendous amount of stress.

These larger turbines have led to a substantial drop in cost over the past 40 years.

The cost of wind power was 38 cents per kWh in 1980: today, it’s less than two cents!

Alright, so how do these incredible devices work?

Wind turbine are like plane propellers but in reverse.

Instead of an engine powering propellers to generate a wind force, the wind blows through the rotors and powers the engine.

This boils down to the Bernoulli Principal.

The shape of the blade causes air to take a longer path around one side compared to the other.

And this creates a difference in air pressure causing the blade to pull toward the low-pressure side, which spins the rotor.

Inside the turbine housing lies coils of wire that spin inside a magnetic field generating an electric current.

The downside to wind power is that only certain parts of the world have consistent wind at the ideal speed, which is between 21 and 26 km/h.

This map highlights the area that contains ideal wind speeds.

The areas in yellow, orange, and red are great places of wind turbines.

However, the map does not cover the shorelines, where the winds are much more constant than on land.

Offshore wind power is the fastest-growing sector in wind power lead by the UK and Germany.

The UK has three of the largest offshore wind farms in the world, the largest at the moment being the Hornsea Farm.

Hornsea has a massive 1.2GW capacity and is located 120 kilometers off England’s Yorkshire coast and will produce enough energy to power 1 million homes.

The farm has 174 turbines, each standing 100 meters tall.

Each Turbine can power the average home for an entire day with just a single rotation.

And if you think that’s impressive, General Electric has developed a wind turbine that makes the ones on the Hornsea farm look like children.

Enter the Haliade-X wind turbine.

The Haliade-X is gargantuan, standing 260 meters tall, equipped with 107 long blades.

With a 12MW capacity, a single Haliade turbine can power 16,000 homes.

GE recently constructed a prototype Haliade in the Netherlands; this is a time-lapse of the construction.

GE plans to commercialize Haliade by 2021 and will supply up to 300 of the massive turbines to the Dogger Bank wind farm.

Dogger Bank Wind Farm will be the largest offshore wind farm in the world with a massive 3.6 GW capacity and will power 4.5 million homes in the UK.

Constructing offshore turbines require specialized vessels called offshore Jack-up Installation Vessels.

And the installation of Haliade-X turbines will require the largest jack-up vessel in the world, the Voltaire, being constructed by Jan De Nul Group.

The Voltaire is a behemoth at almost 170 meters long.

Voltaire’s lifting capacity of 3,000 tons is twice the capacity as Jan De Nul’s next largest vessel.

Anyway, the UK is gearing up to be carbon neutral by 2050, and with the help of these incredible offshore wind farms, it is well on its way.

Scotland generated twice the power it needs from wind power in the first half of 2019.

And offshore wind power is going to expand well beyond the UK in the coming years.

Germany is not too far behind the UK.

The country has almost 1500 offshore wind turbines with a capacity of 7.5 GW and is expecting to grow to 15 GW by 2030.

The Global Wind Energy Council projects the global offshore wind market to grow from 20 GW today to 190 GW by 2030.

And the total investment in offshore farms could reach trillion by 2040.

So, wind offers a vast amount of renewable energy that is readily available, no mining, drilling, or fusing of atomic nuclei required.

Addressing climate change—particularly at reasonable cost—will require advancements in a range of energy-related technologies. The Advanced Energy Technologies Series accompanies the work RFF researchers are undertaking to understand and examine the cost trajectories and future deployment potential of these technologies.

On September 15, 2020, RFF hosted a webinar focused on the uses of geothermal energy/enhanced geothermal systems in both direct heating and low-carbon electricity generation. Geothermal energy experts Todd Cowen (Cornell University) and Tim Latimer (Fervo Energy) discussed the state of geothermal technology, the challenges that currently exist, and recent policy drivers impacting geothermal energy. RFF Senior Fellow and Future of Power Initiative Director Karen Palmer then moderated a Q&A session.

ProBusiness Video of Salt Lake City, Utah produced this story about the most inventive, progressive and eco-friendly energy system in the world is the cornerstone of a national consciousness that is a blueprint for the world’s future.
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Ask This Old House home technology expert Ross Trethewey sees a robotic, ground mounted solar array that mimics a sunflower.
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Steps:
1. The solar panel array is installed by securing four massive earth screws into the ground to act as a base.
2. The solar panel array is then craned off of a truck into place on top of the earth screws.
3. A trench is dug from the array to the house. Conduits are placed in the trench containing a hot, ground, neutral, and a Cat5 cable. The Cat5 cable allows the system to take in weather and location data.
4. Once the array is secured to the base and wired up, the latitude and longitude of the area is programmed into the system and it can be powered up.

Resources:
The solar flower Ross saw installed is called the SmartFlower, and it is manufactured by SmartFlower Solar (http://smartflowersolar.com/).

About Future House:
Ask This Old House home technology expert Ross Trethewey shows you the newest smart-home innovations. From automated home construction to energy monitors to robotic solar panels, and more, find out what’s happening now and what’s coming in applied home science.

About Ask This Old House TV:
Homeowners have a virtual truckload of questions for us on smaller projects, and we’re ready to answer. Ask This Old House solves the steady stream of home improvement problems faced by our viewers—and we make house calls! Ask This Old House features some familiar faces from This Old House, including Kevin O’Connor, general contractor Tom Silva, plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey, and landscape contractor Roger Cook.

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