CBSE Class 10 Science – Sources of Energy – Understand how hot springs are formed and how can we use geothermal energy to produce the electricity. There are some advantages and disadvantages to this source of energy.
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Despite being one of the cheapest and most reliable sources of renewable energy, there is no harnessing of heat from the ground outside of Iceland. In this video, we are going to learn what is Geothermal energy, its advantages, and disadvantages, what are those challenges that stop us from getting energy from Earth, and much more. So be sure to watch until the end.
What is geothermal energy?
Geothermal energy is heat in the earth. The word geothermal comes from the Greek words ‘geo’ which means earth and ‘therm’ means heat. Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source because heat is continuously produced in the earth. People use geothermal energy to bathe, heat buildings, and generate electricity.
How does it work?
Humans can harvest geothermal energy by:
-Geothermal power plants, using heat from within the earth to generate steam to generate electricity.
And,
-Geothermal heat pumps, using heat near the earth’s surface to heat water or heat buildings.
Geothermal power plant
In geothermal power plants, wells are drilled 1 or 2 miles into the earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface. You’ll likely find one of these power stations in an area with lots of hot springs, geysers, or volcanic activity, as these are places where the earth is extremely hot just beneath its surface.
Now, let’s break down its working step-by-step:
-Hot water is pumped from below through a high-pressure well.
-When the water reaches the surface, the pressure drops, causing the water to turn into steam.
-The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity.
-The steam is cooled in the cooling tower and condensed back into the water.
-The cooled water is pumped back to earth to start the process again.
Not all geothermal energy comes from power plants. Geothermal heat pumps can do everything from heating and cooling homes to heating swimming pools. These systems transfer heat by pumping water or a refrigerant-a special type of liquid, through pipes just below the earth’s surface, where the temperature is constantly between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
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Welcome to Let’s Grow Up Youtube channel. Today we are launching a fantastic video. in this video, we explained the History of Hydropower or Hydroelectric. What is Hydro Power? What is History? Everything you will learn in this video. Not only history but also learn about some scientists and how the turbine was invented.
#History of Hydro Power
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The sun. One of the most powerful energy sources ever available to humans.
The process of exploration this energy began more than two thousand years ago, requiring at first colossal knowledge and skills from a person. Thanks to this labor, today, solar energy has become the cheapest in history. But why, with all its cheapness, is it not used so widely?
#technology #invention
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What are disadvantages of geothermal energy? Do they outweigh pros for geothermal energy? Should more people get geothermal energy at home? Learn more in this video!
Visit our channel Dynamic Earth Learning for other introductory sustainability and science videos!
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A short animation that explains what is geothermal energy and the process used to obtain this renewable energy resource. Part of a series of animated videos that helps explain the volcanism in the Easter Caribbean. The series was commissioned under The Volcano Ready Communities Project (VRCP) St. Vincent and the Grenadines. The project is funded by the Caribbean Development Bank through The Community Disaster Risk Reduction Fund and implemented by The UWI-SRC in collaboration with project partners NEMO St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Vincent and the Grenadines Red Cross Society, The Ministry of National Mobilisation Social development & Youth SVG & API – The Agency For Public Information : St. Vincent and the Grenadines. For more information on the VRCP can be found here: https://bit.ly/3kcnaSA Video Rating: / 5
Perovskite solar cells are a remarkably cheap solar cell technology and have achieved remarkable growth since their inception a decade ago, sharply increasing in efficiency from 3.8% to 25.2%, near to their theoretical efficiency. Thus, the perovskite solar cell could be the future of solar energy. Perovskite solar cells are a new technology and still needs to be scaled up for commercial applications, but perovskites have the potential to revolutionise the energy harvesting market, with cheap, high efficiency solar energy in the near future. In this video, we’ll explore perovskite solar panels and how they might energize our future.
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We’d like to give a special thank you to Samuele from Bullaki ltd, for permission to use, and sending us, fantastic lab footage in the manufacturing of perovskite solar cells:
Scientific Video Protocols (Bullaki ltd), Back-Contact Perovskite Solar Cells | Prof. Sir Richard Friend et al. (University of Cambridge) https://youtu.be/nvuNC29TvOY;
Bullaki ltd, Spray Coated Perovskite Solar Cells, https://youtu.be/ayYOy7ycP_k.
Other Sources:
Global Energy Graphs – https://ourworldindata.org/energy
SEM Images of OPV:
Cardinaletti, Ilaria, et al. “Toward bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells with thermally stable active layer morphology.” Journal of Photonics for Energy 4.1 (2014): 040997.
Perovskite Review:
Roy, Priyanka, et al. “A review on perovskite solar cells: Evolution of architecture, fabrication techniques, commercialization issues and status.” Solar Energy 198 (2020): 665-688.
Revolutionizing solar power with perovskites | Sam Stranks | HT Summit 2017 – https://youtu.be/bXJysl6-5dk
Perovskite Stock:
Stock footage provided by Videvo, downloaded from www.videvo.net
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCdpOO3n8IE
References:
[1] – Revolutionizing solar power with perovskites | Sam Stranks | HT Summit 2017
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXJysl6-5dk)
[2]- https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/energy-consumption-by-source-and-region
[3] – “Cost and Performance Characteristics of New Generating Technologies, Annual Energy Outlook 2019” (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2019. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/assumptions/pdf/table_8.2.pdf
[4] – NREL Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html
[5] – Chamberlain, G.A., 1983. Organic solar cells: A review. Solar cells, 8(1), pp.47-83.
[6] – Xiao, Z. and Yan, Y., 2017. Progress in theoretical study of metal halide perovskite solar cell materials. Advanced Energy Materials, 7(22), p.1701136.
[7] – Saliba, M., Matsui, T., Seo, J.Y., Domanski, K., Correa-Baena, J.P., Nazeeruddin, M.K., Zakeeruddin, S.M., Tress, W., Abate, A., Hagfeldt, A. and Grätzel, M., 2016. Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency. Energy & environmental science, 9(6), pp.1989-1997.
[8] – Konstantakou, M. and Stergiopoulos, T., 2017. A critical review on tin halide perovskite solar cells. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5(23), pp.11518-11549.
[9] – Bullaki, The Path to Perovskite on Silicon PV | Prof. Henry Snaith, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbe9Z5oEs5o&t=2s
[10] – Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells approaching 30% efficiency in lab, https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2020/01/31/tandem-cells-approaching-30-efficiency/
[11] – Advanced Science News, Almost 40% conversion efficiency predicted in new perovskite solar cell, https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/almost-40-conversion-efficiency-predicted-in-new-perovskite-solar-cell/
[12] – Liu, Z., Sofia, S.E., Laine, H.S., Woodhouse, M., Wieghold, S., Peters, I.M. and Buonassisi, T., 2020. Revisiting thin silicon for photovoltaics: a technoeconomic perspective. Energy & Environmental Science.
00:00 – Introduction
01:46 – Some Basic Solar Cell Physics
02:17 – Silicon
03:12 – Organic Solar Cells
03:52 – Perovskite Solar Cells
05:18 – Tandem Solar Cells
06:02 – The Future of Perovskites
07:13 – Outro
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Sick of your phone running out of battery? Now you can use a mini water turbine to charge it up. With the invention already a success in India, the German engineer behind it now has his sights set on the African market.
More Africa-related news: http://www.dw.com/en/top-stories/africa/s-12756 Video Rating: / 5
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Electricity is produced by a diversity of energy sources, and different types of technologies.
According to the U.S Energy Information Administration, in 2020:
– Natural gas represented the largest source of energy production, at about 40%
– Coal represented about 19%
– Petroleum at 1%
– Nuclear energy, producing electricity from nuclear fission, represented 20%
As for renewable energies, those have been rapidly varying their share of U.S. electricity.
The total amount of electricity produced by renewable energy in the U.S is about 20%.
Here is a breakdown in 2020:
– Hydropower plants produce about 7.3%
– Wind Generation: 8.4%
– Biomass: 1.4%
– Solar: 2.3%
– Geothermal: 0.5%
Renewable energy has become a very hot topic in today’s world. We see and hear more every day about solar and wind power generation.
What we don’t talk about, however, is that with the increased use of wind and solar energy, comes the increased concern about grid stability.
The equilibrium between how much load is generated, and how much load is required by the grid is a continuous balancing act, which needs stability and is crucial in order to avoid blackouts. The energy generated needs to constantly be equal to the energy consumed.
When it comes to generating power via the use of wind or solar energy, there are uncertainties that need to be accounted for: Either the sun is bright and shining, or it is not. Either you have wind making your turbines spin, or you don’t.
What we are doing by the addition of those energy sources is essentially adding more and more instability to the grid.
This is where hydropower comes in… not only do the hydropower plants have the ability to store fuel (or water!), they also have the ability to respond to grid variations, also referred to as load requests within fragments of a second due to its governing systems that control the turbine’s speed.
That is why hydropower is often referred to as the Guardian of the Grid!
How is hydropower actually generated?
Well… the energy is generated by the same principles ancient Greek farmers used to grind grain: the flowing water spinning a wheel or a turbine.
Hydroelectric power plants are always located near a water source due to the fact that water is the source of hydroelectric power.
Inside the power plants, there are different types of turbines, but for today, we will look into the turbine known as the Francis turbine or the friendly Francis. It takes the friendly nickname due to being less complex to control, with fewer parts and fewer variables.
The difference in elevation, created by the dam, between water level from intake and discharge is what is referred to as head.
With the exception of the not-so-common diversion turbine, which relies on the natural flow of water to create motion, hydro turbines are often built at a lower elevation.
Francis turbines require a low and medium head. This means that the dam is smaller than when compared to the dams needed for the other turbine’s head’s requirements.
Wicket gates are how governors can control the speed of the turbine!
The turbine then turns the attached shaft which spins your generator, to produce electricity. That electricity then travels through power lines all the way to your home… and gives you light!
We have two other types of turbines, the Kaplan and the Pelton turbine.
– A Kaplan turbine has not only gates but also blades!
– A Pelton Turbine spins on air just like the Greek farmer’s wheels.
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Today, we’re talking about heat. The Earth is hot. And no, we’re not referring to Global Warming — at least, not this time. The Earth is hot on the inside. How hot could it actually be, you ask? The inner core of the Earth is almost 11,000°F which is as hot as the surface of the sun!
This heat provides Geothermal Energy: a constant supply of completely clean, sustainable energy!
Humans have been using this energy source for thousands of years, for bathing and cooking. Then, in 1904 in Larderello, Italy, a plant was built to generate electricity from geothermal steam. Initially, this power was enough to light only 5 light bulbs. But today, this plant generates 545 megawatts of electricity. For perspective, a typical coal power plant provides about 600 megawatts.
Geothermal energy comes in either liquid or steam form, and sits within varying depths of the Earth’s layers. The 4 main layers of the Earth — the Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core — all provide different levels of heat within the rock also and magma. Even the very upper 10 feet of the Crust provides consistent heat, between about 50 to 60° Fahrenheit, which can be used via a geothermal heat pump to heat or cool buildings.
Did you know that 90% of the heating for buildings in Iceland is provided this way?
From only slighter deeper within the Earth, geothermal water can also be used for heating buildings or, as seen in Boise, Idaho, for melting snow from the sidewalks.
On a larger scale, there are three types of geothermal power plants: dry steam, flash, and binary. Dry steam literally takes the steam out of a fracture in the ground and uses it to drive a turbine.
Flash plants pull deep, high pressure hot water into pools of cool water, thereby making steam, which drives a turbine.
In binary plants, the hot water extracted is passed by another fluid which has a lower boiling point than water, thereby creating vapor which drives a turbine. Binary plants are likely to be the most common geothermal power plants of the future, as they require only a medium temperature field to begin with.
Then of course there’s raw magma…but the tech to capture this heat is a way off.
Hot dry rock is one of the best sources for geothermal energy, as it’s abundant and available widely across the globe. To use this, there must be two wells drilled to about 3-5 miles, and spaced about 2 miles apart. Cold water is injected under high pressure down one well, and then drawn up from the second well, as hot water. This technique is called an Enhanced Geothermal System.
But it’s hard to get access to the right rocks, and we can’t yet achieve water flow rates which would make this system commercially feasible for providing electricity.
Yet.
It’s a work in progress.
Proudly, the U.S. leads the world in the amount of electricity generated from geothermal energy production, with the most developed geothermal field being The Geysers in Northern California. But before we pat ourselves on the back too hard, this still only equated to 0.4% of the total U.S. electricity requirement for 2017. We’re in a position where we’ve been given this amazing resource, we just have to figure out how to use it. It won’t be fast or cheap, but geothermal energy is the absolute largest renewable, sustainable and clean energy source we have.
It sounds almost too good to be true… So, are there disadvantages?
Unfortunately, yes.
There are minor concerns around the release of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane and ammonia, but it is far below the levels of greenhouse gases released through fossil fuel mining and energy production.
Also, the drilling needs to be done mindfully – given the location of accessing this heat, between tectonic plates, there is sometimes concern around increasing the risk of earthquakes. But most downsides are related to individual access and utilization of geothermal energy, rather than when it’s done on a commercial scale.
And these small downsides are put into perspective easily: geothermal plants use only 10% of the land requirement for a coal or wind power plant, and 0.2% of the freshwater requirement of nuclear, coal or oil. Another huge advantage geothermal energy has over other renewable sources is that it’s not dependent on the sun, like solar, wave, or hydro energy.
This makes it far more reliable.
So next time you’re taking a relaxing dip in a hot spring, think about how lucky we are to inhabit this Earth, and how amazing our natural resources are. Then plan one extra way of being more sustainable tomorrow than you were yesterday. Video Rating: / 5
